Abstract Composite materials are employed as an alternative of conventional materials due their attractive properties, such as, environmental resistance and high strength-to-weight ratio. However, a limitation to the application of the composites is the low resistance to high temperatures, due their polymeric matrix. Alternatively, geopolymers are inorganic polymers used mainly instead Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in civil engineering. They combine good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and thermal stability, allowing the use as a thermal barrier. This work regards the combined application of composites and geopolymers through adhesive bonding. The main objective is to evaluate the effect of adhesive type and surface treatment on the adhesion between geopolymer and composite pultruded substrates. Pull off tests were carried out in composite-adhesive-geopolymer sandwich specimens. Different surface treatments were examined: unidirectional abrasion and bidirectional abrasion. Specimens were bonded either with an epoxy or a polyurethane adhesive. The influence of the geopolymer manufacturing process on the performance of the structure was also observed.

Abstract Surface treatment of the adherends prior to adhesive bonding plays an important role in the enhancing of strength and durability of bonded joints. In this work, an investigation on effect of adherend surface roughness on adhesive bond strength was performed. Single strap joints with different adherends (mild steel and aluminium) bonded with an epoxy resin (Araldite(r) 2015) were tested. The adherend surface was treated by mechanical abrasion process using an emery paper. Contact angle measurement and SEM analysis to understand the wettability and the failure mechanism of the joints were performed. It was found that an optimum surface roughness exists for a maximum bonding strength and the roughness range depends on the adherend material. The joint strength changes are associated not only simply by the increased bonding area, surface texture or mechanical interlocking, but also by the chemical characteristics of the surface and the chemical bond between them.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar a concentração de α-tocoferol no leite colostro e no soro de mães diabéticas e saudáveis.MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado com 51 parturientes voluntárias, sendo 20 diagnosticadas com diabetes melito gestacional e 31 sem nenhuma doença associada. Coletaram-se as amostras de soro e de colostro em jejum no pós-parto imediato e o α-tocoferol foi analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Para definir o estado nutricional de vitamina E, adotou-se ponto de corte sérico (697,7µg/dL). O teste t de Student para variáveis independentes comparou as concentrações médias de α-tocoferol no soro e no colostro entre os grupos controle e com diabetes melito gestacional. A correlação de Pearson testou a relação entre a concentração de α-tocoferol no soro e no colostro para ambos os grupos. As diferenças foram consideradas significantes quando p<0,05.RESULTADOS: As concentrações de α-tocoferol no colostro foram 1.483,1±533,8µg/dL para as mulheres do Grupo Controle e 1.368,8±681,8µg/dL para as diabéticas, não havendo diferenças (p=0,50). Entretanto, no soro das puérperas controle, a concentração de α-tocoferol foi 1.059,5±372,7µg/dL e, nas diabéticas, 1.391,4±531,5µg/dL, com p<0,01. Não houve correlação entre a concentração de α-tocoferol no soro e no colostro para o Grupo Controle. Resultado semelhante foi encontrado para o grupo com diabetes melito gestacional.CONCLUSÕES: Os grupos apresentaram estado nutricional adequado quanto à vitamina E. Não houve associação entre diabetes melito gestacional e mudanças na concentração de α-tocoferol no colostro.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the levels of α-tocopherol in colostrum and in the serum of healthy and diabetic mothers.METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 51 volunteer mothers, 20 with the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus and 31 without associated diseases. Serum and colostrum samples were collected in fasting in the immediate postpartum period and α-tocopherol was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In order to define the nutritional status of vitamin E, the cutoff point for the serum (697.7µg/dL) was adopted. Student's t-test for independent variables compared the average concentrations of α-tocopherol in the serum and in the colostrum between control and gestational diabetes mellitus groups. Pearson's correlation was used to assess the relationship between the concentration of α-tocopherol in serum and colostrum for both groups. Differences were considered significant when p<0.05.RESULTS: The α-tocopherol concentration in colostrum was 1,483.1±533.8µg/dL for Control Group and 1,368.8±681.8µg/dL for diabetic women, without differences between groups (p=0.50). However, α-tocopherol concentration in the serum was 1,059.5±372.7µg/dL in the Control Group and 1,391.4±531.5µg/dL in the diabetic one (p<0.01). No correlation was found between the concentration of α-tocopherol in the serum and in the colostrum for control and diabetic groups.CONCLUSIONS: The groups had adequate nutritional status of vitamin E. Gestational diabetes was not associated with changes in α-tocopherol concentration in colostrum.

OBJETIVO:Evaluar y comparar la concentración de α-tocoferol en la leche calostro y en el suero de madres diabéticas y sanas.MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, realizado con 51 parturientes voluntarias, siendo 20 diagnosticadas con diabetes mellitus gestacional y 31 sin cualquier enfermedad asociada. Se recogieron las muestras de suero y de calostro en ayuno en el postparto inmediato y se analizó el α-tocoferol por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (CLAE). Para definir el estado nutricional de vitamina E, se adoptó el punto de corte sérico (697,7µg/dL). El análisis estadístico se realizó con la prueba t de Student para variables independientes a fin de comparar las concentraciones medianas de α-tocoferol en el suero entre los grupos control y con diabetes mellitus gestacional. Ese análisis también fue realizado para comparar los promedios de α-tocoferol en el calostro en los grupos estudiados. Se utilizó la correlación de Pearson para evaluar la relación entre la concentración de α-tocoferol en el suero y en el calostro para ambos grupos. Las diferencias fueron consideradas significativas cuando p<0,05.RESULTADOS: Las concentraciones de α-tocoferol en el calostro fueron 1.483,1±533,8µg/dL para las mujeres del Grupo Control y 1.368,8±681,8µg/dL para las diabéticas, no habiendo diferencias (p=0,50). Sin embargo, en el suero de las puérperas control, la concentración de α-tocoferol fue 1.059,5±72,7µg/dL y, en las diabéticas, 1.391,4±531,5µg/dL, con p<0,01). No hubo correlación entre la concentración de α-tocoferol en el suero y en el calostro para el Grupo Control. Resultado semejante fue encontrado para el grupo con diabetes mellitus gestacional.CONCLUSIONES: Los grupos presentaron estado nutricional adecuado respecto a la vitamina E. No hubo asociación entre diabetes mellitus gestacional y concentración de α-tocoferol en el calostro.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o tempo de desenvolvimento de embriões e estimar as taxas de eclosão de ovos de resistência de cladóceros encontrados no sedimento da baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, sob condições experimentais. Os ovos foram separados por espécie (Penilia avirostris - Sididae; Pleopis polyphemoides e Pseudevadne tergestina - Podonidae) e incubados a 25 °C, salinidade 35 e fotoperíodo 12 horas claro 12 horas escuro. As taxas de eclosão foram de aproximadamente 38% para Pseudevadne tergestina e de 28% para Pleopis -polyphemoides. Os embriões dos ovos de resistência de Penilia avirostris desenvolveram-se de forma relativamente lenta (eclodindo apenas 86 dias após o início da incubação), com uma taxa de eclosão de apenas 5%. Foi observado que o desenvolvimento e a eclosão dos ovos de resistência de cladóceros marinhos sugerem que podem ocorrer em pulsos, contribuindo assim para o rápido aparecimento e manutenção destes crustáceos na baía de Guanabara.

The aim of this study was to determine the development time of embryos and to estimate the hatching rates of resting eggs of cladocerans found in the sediment of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, under experimental conditions. Eggs were sorted by species (Penilia avirostris - Sididae; Pleopis polyphemoides and Pseudevadne tergestina - Podonidae) and incubated at a temperature of 25 °C, salinity 35 and photoperiod 12 hours light/ 12 hours dark. Hatching rates were about 38% for Pseudevadne tergestina and 28% for Pleopis polyphemoides. Embryos of resting eggs of Penilia avirostris developed comparatively slowly (hatching after 86 days of incubation), with a hatching rate of only 5%. It was observed that development and hatching of resting eggs of marine cladocerans suggest that pulses of recruitment may exist, thus contributing to the rapid appearance and maintenance of planktonic populations of these crustaceans in Guanabara Bay.

O cancro do pulmão é a causa mais comum de cancro no Mundo. A sobrevida global aos 5 anos é de cerca de 15%, sem grandes previsões de mudança. Em Portugal, relativamente à doença oncológica, situa-se em terceiro lugar, sendo a primeira causa de morte por cancro. O tabaco é responsável por cerca de 85% dos casos. Um estudo efectuado em Portugal durante 3 anos (2000/2002) pela Comissão de Trabalho de Pneumologia Oncológica da Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia em 22 hospitais, mostrou que, de um total de 4396 doentes com cancro do pulmão, 81,8% se referem ao sexo masculino e 18,2% ao sexo feminino, com uma média etária de 64,49 ± 11,28 anos. Cerca de 70% dos doentes era fumador ou ex-fumador, com 50,3% com performance status (PS) grau I da escala de Zubrod. Do ponto de vista histológico, 37,5% eram adenocarcinomas, seguido do carcinoma epidermóide com 30,5% dos casos e dos tumores de pequenas células com 12,5%; carcinomas neuroendócrinos em 1,4 % dos casos; CPNPC 10,5%, mistos em 0,7%, carcinomas de grandes células em 2,3% e outros e não especificados em 4,6% dos casos. O estadiamento, efectuado em 4097 casos, mostrou 113 doentes no estádio IA (2,8%) e 250 (6,1%) no IB; no estádio IIA apenas 0,8 % e 4,5% no IIB; no estádio IIIA 9,1% dos doentes, comparativamente ao IIIB com 29,9% dos casos, encontrando-se 46,9 % dos doentes já no estádio IV na altura do diagnóstico. Em 3855 dos casos foi possível determinar a primeira opção terapêutica. Foi efectuada cirurgia em 8,2% e terapêuticas combinadas (combinações de cirurgia com quimioterapia, ou radioterapia, ou a associação de QT com RT) em 21,8% dos casos; a QT isolada como primeira opção terapêutica foi efectuada em 43,7% dos doentes e em 20,3% apenas terapêutica de suporte.

Lung cancer is the most common form of cancer death in the world. Five-year survival is about 15%, without any change to this picture envisaged. It is the 3rd most prevalent type of cancer in Portugal and the primary cause of cancer death. 85% of lung cancer cases are attributable to smoking. One study performed in Portugal for 3 years (2000/2002) by the Lung Oncology Work Committee of the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology in 22 Hospitals showed that of a total of 4396 patients with lung cancer, 81.8% were male and 18.2% were female, with a mean age of 64.49±11.28 years. About 70% of patients were smokers or former smokers, with 50.3% of patients presenting with performance status (Zubrod) 1. Histologically, 37.5% were adenocarcinoma, followed by squamous crcinoma in 30.5% of cases, and small cell lung cancer in 12.5%; neuroendocrine carcinoma presented in 1.4% of cases; non small cell lung cancer in 10.5%; mixed carcinoma in 0.7%; large cell carcinoma in 2.3%; and others/not specified in 4.6% of cases. Staging (known in 4097 patients), showed 113 patients in stage IA (2.8%) and 250 patients in stage IB (6.1%); only 0.8% in stage IIA and 4.5% in stage IIB; 9.1% in stage IIIA and 29.9% in stage IIIB; 46.9% were already in stage IV by the time of diagnosis. The first therapeutic option was known in 3855 patients. Surgery was performed in 8.2% and 21.8% of cases were treated with combined therapies (surgery and chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy); chemotherapy alone was first choice in 43.7% of patients and in 20.3% only best support therapy was chosen.

This paper reports results from an investigation on the performance of the Rohsenow's type of correlation when applied to the nucleate boiling of halocarbon refrigerants over cylindrical surfaces of different material. Experimental data for refrigerants R-11, R-123, R-12, and R-134a have been raised and fitted according to two different procedures. It has been determined that exponents m and n are weakly affected by the refrigerant, and surface material and finishing. Liquid/surface combinations and surface roughness affect the coefficient Csf. A correlation has been developed for Csf in terms of the liquid/surface combination and surface roughness. The resulting correlation has been evaluated through the experimental data used in the fitting process and results obtained elsewhere. Deviations of correlation with respect to the experimental heat transfer coefficient are within acceptable ranges.

Occurrence of food poisoning related to Salmonella-contaminated eggs and chicken meat has been frequent in humans. Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) are included among the most important paratyphoid salmonellae associated with chicken meat and eggs. Elimination of Salmonella at the pre-harvest stage can play a significant role in preventing the introduction of this pathogen into the food chain and consequently in the reduction of food poisoning in humans. Bactericidal bacteriophages may provide a natural, nontoxic, feasible and non-expensive component of the multi-factorial approach for a pre-harvest control of Salmonella in poultry. Five bacteriophages lytic for SE PT4 and ST were obtained from 107 samples of feces of free-range layers in Brazil. All bacteriophages were characterized in vitro and in vivo, showing head and tail morphology and dsDNA as nucleic acids. Results of "in vivo" studies suggested that bacteriophages do not remain in Salmonella-free birds longer than one day, whereas they multiply in Salmonella-infected birds for longer periods. Besides, selection for phage-resistant SE PT4 did not seem to occur in the short term. Isolated bacteriophages will be investigated for their potential for pre-harvest biocontrol of SE PT4 in poultry.

OBJETIVOS: O trabalho visou introduzir em nosso meio a técnica de biópsia hepática transjugular orientada por métodos radiológicos para a obtenção do diagnóstico histológico em pacientes clínica e laboratorialmente diagnosticados com hepatopatia crônica e com pelo menos uma das contra-indicações à biópsia hepática percutânea: coagulopatia, ascite maciça e anemia crônica acentuada com insuficiência renal crônica ou obesidade mórbida. MÉTODOS: Biópsia hepática aspirativa foi obtida com agulha de Ross modificada, através da punção da veia jugular interna com cateterização da veia hepática direita sob controle fluoroscópico. RESULTADOS: Trinta e nove pacientes foram estudados, obtendo-se tecido hepático em 32 (82%) sendo satisfatório para diagnóstico histológico em 25 (64,1%), com concordância entre o diagnóstico pré e pós-biópsia em 11 (28,2%) e discordância em 14 pacientes (35,9%). O procedimento foi bem tolerado pela maioria dos pacientes; contudo um paciente apresentou sangramento retroperitoneal, necessitando cirurgia imediata para controle da hemorragia. CONCLUSÕES: A biópsia hepática transjugular é um método diagnóstico útil para o estudo histopatológico na suspeita de hepatopatia crônica com contra-indicações a biópsia hepática percutânea. Em nossa série foi obtido diagnóstico histopatológico em 64,1% dos indivíduos estudados. Pacientes com suspeita clínica de cirrose tiveram baixo diagnóstico histopatológico (50%) quando comparados com indivíduos sem essa suspeita (78,9%). O método é relativamente complexo, podendo apresentar complicações graves, e deve ser realizado em centros de excelência em radiologia e hepatologia.

PURPOSE: This work aimed at introducing the transjugular liver biopsy technique oriented by radiologic methods in our hospitals. This technique is indicated for obtaining histopathologic diagnosis in patients clinically and laboratorially suspected of having chronic liver disease with contraindications to percutaneous liver biopsy. METHODS: Liver biopsy was obtained with a modified Ross needle through the right jugular vein and right hepatic vein under fluoroscopic control. RESULTS: Transjugular liver biopsy was attempted for 39 patients, liver tissue obtained en 32 and histopathologic diagnosis in 25 (64.1%). In 11 patients (28.2%) there was agreement between the diagnoses established before and after biopsy, however, in 14 patients (35.9%), there was disagreement. The yield of diagnosis was low when patients were suspected for cirrhosis. The procedure was well tolerated by the majority of patients. Nonetheless, 1 presented intra-abdominal bleeding and required immediate surgery to control retroperitoneal hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Transjugular liver biopsy is useful for the histopathologic diagnosis of patients with chronic liver diseases whenever the percutaneous route is contraindicated. In this series we obtained histopathologic diagnosis for 64,1% of the subjects studied. Patients suspected of having cirrhosis had a low yield of histopathologic diagnosis (50%) when compared to subjects without clinical evidence for crrhosis (78,9%). The technique is rather complex, and can cause serious complications. This, it should be performed in reference centers in radiology and hepatology.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre o resultado do teste CAGE aplicado em pacientes internados num hospital geral universitário (Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - HCPA) e a percepção e registro de abuso de álcool e de doenças relacionadas pelas equipes de saúde. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: O delineamento envolveu três fases: a) aplicação do teste CAGE aos 385 pacientes adultos e adolescentes internados considerados elegíveis para o estudo; b) revisão dos prontuários dos pacientes CAGE-positivo e de um número igual de pacientes CAGE-negativo, estratificados por área de internação e sorteados, para identificar hábitos alcoólicos e a presença de doenças relacionadas ao uso de álcool; c) entrevista com os membros das equipes médicas responsáveis para avaliar sua percepção sobre o hábito alcoólico em seu paciente. As diferenças encontradas foram analisadas através do teste Qui-quadrado e do teste t de Student, com significância estatística em nível de 5% bicaudal. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 51 pacientes CAGE-positivo (13%). A equipe médica registrou abuso de álcool no prontuário de 51% dos pacientes CAGE-positivo e 10% dos CAGE-negativo, e a equipe de enfermagem fez este registro no prontuário de 31% dos pacientes CAGE-positivo e 8% dos CAGE-negativo (p=.724). Não houve diferença entre o registro e a percepção da equipe médica (p=.184). A prevalência de doenças relacionadas ao abuso de álcool foi 27% quando se examinou os prontuários médicos e 26% quando se entrevistou a equipe médica (p=.861), sendo maior entre os pacientes CAGE-positivo (43%) do que entre os CAGE-negativo (10%) (p=.0003). CONCLUSÕES: O abuso de bebidas alcoólicas e a presença de doenças associadas ao mesmo são condições prevalentes nos pacientes admitidos ao HCPA. Entretanto, mais de metade dos casos não foram detectados pela equipe de saúde, havendo correspondência entre os registros de prontuário e a entrevista.

BACKGROUND: The high frequency of alcohol related problems highlights the importance of its approach. The association of both the alcohol-abuse and alcohol related diseases has been pointed in the literature and are often the main reason for hospitalization. Physicians use different tools to detect abusive drinkers, and one of them is the CAGE-test, validated by Mayfield et al. in 1974. OBJECTIVES: To study the association between the result of the CAGE-test and the perception and registration of alcohol abuse by the medical staff and the nurses in charge of inpatients of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The design involved three phases. First, the application of the CAGE-test to the 385 eligible patients. Second, review of all 51 CAGE-positive patients' records as well the controlled evaluation of 51 randomized CAGE-negative patients, to seek alcoholic habits and alcohol-related diseases. Third, interview with the medical staff to find out their perception about these subjects. RESULTS: We found 51 patients CAGE-positive (prevalence = 13%). When evaluated through the registration and through a standardized interview, medical staff and nurses were not aware of more than half of CAGE-positive patients. No significant differences were found between medical staff registration and perception; the prevalence of alcohol related diseases was the same for both: 26 and 27% (p = .861). The prevalence of alcohol related diseases was higher among CAGE-positive patients (p = .0003). CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the high prevalence among our patients, alcohol abuse is not pursued by our health teams as it should be. As for the future, there is reason to envision a continuing alcoholism rapprochement.